Intermediet: Intermediet pewarna (pigmen) minangka cabang industri kimia sing penting banget. Pangembangan saka intermediate ndhukung. Produksi intermediet China kanggo pewarnaan lan pigmen wis dikembangake wiwit taun 1950-an. Ing sawetara taun kepungkur, produksi intermediet saka pewarna lan pigmen wis dadi luwih lan liyane galak, lan wis ana inovasi ing teknologi produksi. Kita wis nggawe terobosan ing sawetara wilayah, kayata riset, panggunaan anyar kanggo varietas lawas lan perlindungan lingkungan, lan wis ngetrapake proses sing resik kanggo produksi intermediet pewarna lan pigmen. .

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Pangembangan panggunaan intermediet

Nyatane, panggunaan intermediet minangka pangembangan macem-macem, jinis intermediet tartamtu sing digunakake ing pewarna sing diarani intermediet pewarna, lan digunakake ing pestisida, obat-obatan, lan liya-liyane. Uga disebut pestisida, intermediet farmasi. Kudu dianggep minangka cabang saka industri kimia apik sakabèhé, ora kudu kaku dipérang dadi intermediet pewarna, intermediet pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida. , penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, penengah pestisida, intermediet, intermediet pestisida, intermediet pestisida, intermediet pestisida, intermediet pestisida Intermediet, intermediet pharmaceutical, sing bakal nyuda sawetara panggunaan sawetara intermediet lan mengaruhi pangembangane.

Panaliten intermediet kimia sing apik ditondoi kanthi macem-macem, kajaba sawetara macem-macem ukuran produksi utamane ageng, paling varietas tonase Ora gedhe banget, nanging proses persiapan asring luwih rumit, nglibatake akeh reaksi unit lan pamisahan, lan produksi jumlah owahan saka "telung sampah" kudu ditangani kanthi bener. Mula, kita kudu melu riset proses produk serial, organisasi intermediet sing cukup kanggo entuk efisiensi produksi skala sing apik.

Saka kahanan manca, riset lan produksi intermediet cenderung dikonsentrasi kanthi bener kanggo entuk produksi serial. sawetara kanggo rolas varieties saka intermediet, riset lan produksi kuwi luwih gampang kanggo ngleksanakake liwat pembangunan sakabèhé lan Adoption saka teknologi anyar. Kita bakal entuk asil kaping pindho kanthi setengah gaweyan. Kita bisa ngrujuk marang kahanan ing Jepang, ing ngendi produksi perantara biyen banget desentralisasi, wiwit taun 1960-an. Wis diatur lan konsentrasi kaping pitu.

Liwat transformasi lan pangembangan, industri pewarna lan pigmen intermediet China wis tekan tingkat sing luwih dhuwur ing babagan skala produksi, teknologi lan tingkat peralatan, sing ora mung bisa nyukupi kabutuhan industri pewarna domestik lan pangembangan industri pigmen, nanging uga nyedhiyakake produk intermediet sing luwih berkualitas. negara manca.

Bahan mentah sing dibutuhake kanggo sintesis intermediet utamane dipikolehi saka produk industri petroleum lan kimia coking, sing paling akeh yaiku benzena, naftalena, naftalena, lan naftalena. Ing taun-taun pungkasan, pigmen organik sing disiapake saka intermediet heterosiklik saya mundhak. Kajaba iku, phenanthrene, pyridine, fluorene oksigen, quinoline, indole, carbazole, senyawa seri biphenyl, bahan mentahan Komplek iki Applied kanggo Pabrik dyestuff. Panganggone bahan mentah sintetik bakal dadi luwih umum lan umum.

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Reaksi kimia sing paling umum digunakake kanggo intermediet

Reaksi kimia sing paling umum digunakake kanggo ngolah bahan mentah dadi intermediet kanggo industri pewarnaan (pigmen) yaiku kaya ing ngisor iki.

(1) Reaksi sulfonasi
(2) Reaksi nitrifikasi
(3) Reaksi halogenasi
(4) Reaksi reduksi kanggo nyiapake amino
(5) Reaksi diazotisasi (asring diiringi reaksi kopling)
(6) Substitusi gugus asam sulfonat dadi gugus hidroksil kanthi reaksi alkali-lebur
(7) Reaksi asetilasi
(8) Reaksi oksidasi
(9) Reaksi kondensasi lan karbonasi
(10) Reaksi aromatisasi (utamane amino)
(11) Reaksi sing bisa diganti saka gugus hidroksil lan amino
(12) Hidroksilasi gugus hidroksil utawa amino

Miturut struktur cincin aromatik saka intermediet kimia sing apik, bisa diklasifikasikake dadi alifatik, benzena, naftalena, antrakuinon, heterosiklik lan padhet. Sistem ring. Negara kita bisa ngasilake luwih saka 400 jinis benzena, naftalena, antrakuinon, heterosiklik lan perantara pewarnaan lan pigmen liyane, sing bisa nyukupi kabutuhan industri pewarnaan lan pigmen.

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Varietas utama sistem benzena

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N -ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-diklorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Asam benzenesulfonic, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, asam DSD, p-aminophenetole, asam CTL, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine, N,N-dimetil-m-toluidine Toluidine , N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m- toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4- metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil- aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N, N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5 -trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin , 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2 ,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4 ,5-trikloroanilin, 2,4,5-trikloroanilin inter, para ester, lsp.

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Varietas utama intermediet naftalena

2-naphthol, H-asam, K-asam, 2,3-asam, 2,6-asam, asam thujaplic, 6-nitro-1,2,4 oksigen asam. J-asam, peri-asam, gamma-asam, G-salt, R-salt, amino-asam K, 2-naftilamin-1,5-disulfonat, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonat, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene , 2,6-naftalenadikarboksilat asam, 2R-asam lan liya-liyane. Antrakuinon intermediet kalebu: antrakuinon, 1-amino antrakuinon, 1,4-diamino antrakuinon, 1,5-dimetil-bromofosfat, 1,5-dimetil-antrakuinon, 2,6-naftalendikarboksilat asam, 2R-asam, lsp. ,5-diamino antrakuinon, 1-Amino-5-benzoil antrakuinon, 1,5-dihidroksiantrakuinon, 1,8-hidroksi Antrakuinon, 1,8-dihidroksi-4,5-diamino antrakuinon, lsp.

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Spesies heterosiklik utama lan padhet-siklik

Sianurat klorida, asam barbiturat, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-diklorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone -cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano -4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4 -methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl -6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6 -hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naftalena anhidrida, naftalena tetrakarboksilat anhidrida, ! tetrakarboksilat anhidrida, lsp.